Fact Sheet

Hydrogen Combustion in Power Plants: Costs, Risks, and Drawbacks

Green hydrogen and green ammonia are touted as potential replacements for fossil fuels, but their actual environmental benefits are questionable. This fact sheet looks at the risks of hydrogen combustion.

The Problem with Green Ammonia

Green hydrogen and green ammonia are touted as potential replacements for fossil fuels, but their actual environmental benefits are questionable. This fact sheet investigates the pros and cons of green ammonia.

Status of the Investment Tax Credit in 2025

In July 2025, Congress acted to accelerate the phase-out of the Investment Tax Credit (ITC), bonus credits and Direct Pay provision. Community-serving solar, wind, and energy storage projects are typically eligible for a 30% baseline credit, available to tax-exempt entites through Direct Pay. This fact sheet provides a timeline for the ITC eligibility of both…

Investment Tax Credit (ITC) Direct Pay Fact Sheet for Nonprofits

This Direct Pay Fact Sheet details which types of tax-exempt entities are eligible to receive direct pay, outlines the process to receive direct pay, and introduces additional resources.

Hydrogen for Long Duration Energy Storage: Costs, Risks, and Equity Considerations

This fact sheet evaluates the viability of hydrogen as a long duration energy storage (LDES) technology. It examines the costs, efficiency, infrastructure considerations, and potential harms of hydrogen power plants. 

The Drawbacks of Liquid Hydrogen

This fact sheet covers the inefficiencies of hydrogen liquefaction, on top of the existing inefficiencies of hydrogen production. It details the high costs, high energy consumption, losses due to evaporation, safety concerns, storage and transportation issues, and global warming impacts of hydrogen liquefaction.

The Colors of Hydrogen Production: Emissions, Costs, and Concerns

Hydrogen is a colorless gas that can be produced through a wide range of methods using a variety of raw materials or “feedstocks,” such as coal, natural gas, and water. Different production processes for hydrogen gas result in distinct byproducts like carbon dioxide, solid carbon, and oxygen. These differing processes are often assigned a color,…

Resilient Power Project Impacts: 2014-2024

This document summarizes some of the key project outcomes of the Resilient Power Project through providing information, knowledge-building support, and technical assistance to organizations working in low-income communities and communities of color across the country.

Emissions Accounting for the Hydrogen Production Tax Credit: Key Gaps in the 45VH2 GREET Model

The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies (GREET) model is used to determine the lifecycle emissions of various energy sources, expressed as carbon equivalent emissions, and creates the framework for many monetary and market incentives related to energy production. In some cases, the values, assumptions, and calculations within each GREET model have…

Understanding the 45V Clean Hydrogen Production Tax Credit: Requirements, Exceptions, and Project Impacts

The U.S. Treasury Department released final guidance on the 45V Clean Hydrogen Production Tax Credit in January 2025. While the guidance did contain the vital “three pillars” of incrementality, temporal matching, and deliverability, which are essential for ensuring hydrogen production does not lead to a massive increase in grid emissions, it also contains several concessions…